在法律类文件像合同协议中会不是穿插一些奇怪的副词,一些没有足够经验的译员在翻译时会十分困扰。这里我们就来了解一下一些常见的词组在不同情况下是否有更好的翻译方法。

英语合同翻译

  hereinafter、whereas、in consideration of及in witness of

  1、 hereinafter:我们在整份合同协议里面,首先看到的奇怪副词,往往是hereinafter,这字其实不难理解,就是”以下”的意思。之所以会先看到它,乃欲借助其指出当事人或其他事物的简称,例如”Pacific Digital Media Corp. (hereinafter referred to as PDMC)”,括符内的意思就是「以下称PDMC」。

  2、whereas:whereas是用在合同正式条款之前,作为前言的提头语。以whereas为首的条款称为”Whereas clause”,用以说明订立合同的原因、目的。”Whereas clause”虽非合同正式条款,但亦非赘文,因其可作为解释契约的依据,若违反”Whereas clause”条款,依禁反言(estoppel)法理,合同相对人非不得请求损害赔偿或解除契约。实例如”WHEREAS, Lender and Borrower have entered into the agreement that Lender promises to provide a loan amount to USD$100,000,000.00 to Borrower. ”(贷方与借方兹此同意,由贷方提供美金一亿元予借方)不过,也常看到契约以”Recital”为题,直接叙述契约主旨者,有些契约甚至一开始就是正式条文,省略了whereas或recital的说明。

  3、in consideration of:这用语是自英美契约法中的约因理论(doctrine of consideration)而来,其意为「以……为约因」,根据英美法原始见解,认为契约必有其约因,若缺此约因,则契约不具效力,所以须于契约内明定约因。然而,约因的重要性正逐渐降低中,盖约因通常可寻绎契约内文而导出,并不一定要明定出来,现在在前言中仍出现”in consideration of”以表约因者,毋宁可视其为结尾的习用语,实例如”NOW,THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual covenants hereinafter set forth, the parties hereto agree as follows:”。此句之后就是契约主文了。”in consideration of”若出现于契约本文,非表示约因,则是「因…之故」的意思。

  4、IN WITNESS WHEREOF:这字样通常出现于合同的结尾,是合同协议的习惯用语,看起来是很正规,其实没什么了不起的意思,大概就是「立书为证」的意思,或是「以资证明」,例如”IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have signed this Agreement as of the day and year first above written.”此句后面就要写签署人姓名了。

  hereunder、hereto、hereof、herein、hereby及therewith、thereof、thereby

  (一) here族群:大体以here为首后面加介系词的副词,把here当成agreement大概就可以推知其意,所以,hereunder是指「于此合同约定下」或「依据本合约」之意,实例如”At all times when the Employee is required to render services hereunder, the Employer shall provide the Employee with separate dressing facilities.”(无论何时,依本合同所定,当受雇者被要求提供服务时,雇主须提供非成套的服装)须注意,hereunder和hereinafter是不同的意思,前者是「于此合同约定下」,后者是「以下」的意思;hereto是指「关于本合同/协议」之意,herein是指「于本协议内」,二者可以一例明之”Capitalized terms used herein and not otherwise defined herein shall have the meanings set forth in Exhibit A hereto”(本契约标题之意义除别有规定外,如附件所定之意义),至于hereof是指「of this Agreement」的意思。例如”The headings of the clauses of this Agreement are solely for the purpose of convenience, they are not a part hereof, and shall not be used in the construction of any provision.”(本协议标题仅为方便之目的而设,其并非契约的一部分,亦不能用来解释条款内容);最后,我们看一下hereby,其意约等于中文「兹此」的意思,例如”Lender and Borrower hereby agree to enter into this Agreement. ”(贷方与借方兹此同意进入本协议之约订)。总之,这族群只要将”here”视为”agreement”,大概就可以懂得意思。

  (二) there族群:此族群是指there后面加入介系词之意,常见的有therewith、thereof、thereto、thereafter等。这类族群比较麻烦,不像here族群,只要把here当成agreement就好了,而必须依上下文意思去推敲。首先看therewith,例如”A company shall promptly and faithfully comply with all the instructions, directions, requests, rules and regulations of the B company in connection therewith. ”(A公司须实时且忠诚地遵照B公司的指导、指示、要求、规则、规定及其他相关事项),此处的therewith可以理解为”with the instructions,directions, requests, rules and regulations of the Corporation ”,所以there族群和here族群的解释方法十分类似,但there在不同的情况下有不同的意含,不似here族群单纯。以下再分别对thereto、thereof、thereafter、therein举例。例如””Whenever in this Agreement the words ””the term hereof”” or “”the term of this Agreement”” are used, such words shall mean and include not only the Initial Term, but also Extension Periods if the options with respect thereto are exercised.”(本协议使用到”the term here of”或”the term of this Agreement”字眼时,其不只指初始的期间约定,亦可指选择权行使而延长的期间);又如”In addition to the Employee’s services, the Employer shall be entitled to, and shall own, solely and exclusively, all the results and proceeds thereof, and all rights of every kind therein”(除受雇者的服务外,雇主亦得享有因服务提供过程及结果产生之各种权利);又如”If the Employer pays the Employee any compensation that the Employee is not entitled to receive, the Employee shall repay such compensation to the Employer on demand, or the Employer may at its option recoup the amount thereof by deducting the same from any compensation thereafter payable to the Employee.”(若雇主支付受雇者无权取得的补偿,受雇者须于雇主请求时返还,或雇主可选择于将来给付中,扣除已支付之补偿)。由以上例子可知,there族群并不易直接中译其意,且需根据反复推敲始知其意。

  以上所举的副词,在传统协议中,颇为常见,但也形成一般人缔约之困扰,国外一般老百姓也很困扰呢!有人质疑,搞法律的人故意使用一些奇怪的文字,造成一般人进入障碍,于是只好给律师钱赚。这种说法,也不无道理。不过,各个习惯语由来,自有其历史,要转变这些习惯用法,可能尚需时日,所以,这些用法还是非懂不可的。